What Is The Malicious code And Misuse of Encryption

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Malicious code Means Whoever willfully writes, offers, makes available, distributes or transmits malicious code through an electronic system or electronic device, with intent to cause harm to any electronic system or resulting in the corruption, destruction, alteration, suppression, theft or loss of data commits the offence of malicious code. Whoever commits the offence specified in sub-section (1) shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to five years, or with fine or with both.

Misuse of encryption Means Whoever for the purpose of commission of an offence or concealment of incriminating evidence, knowingly and willfully encrypts any incriminating communication or data contained in electronic system relating to that crime or incriminating evidence, commits the offence of misuse of encryption shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to five years, or with fine, or with both.

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Muslim Press in Areas Forming Pakistan

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Muslim Press in Areas Forming Pakistan Print journalism made its advent in the sub-continent in the last quarter of the 18th century. The first (English) newspaper, The Calcutta General Advertiser was started by Mr. James Augustus Hicky in 1780. It came to be known as Hickys Gazette. Several other newspapers, mostly weeklies or fortnightlies and monthlies, appeared from Calcutta, Bombay and Madras. All of those papers were started by the Europeans for the Europeans with obviously limited circulations. In size they were all tabloid. The local language press made its appearance in the first quarter of the 19th century. The first such newspapers used Bengali as its medium. The Muslims were generally far behind the Christians and the Hindus socially, educationally and financially. Moreover, they were not strong in the eastern areas. They had some hold in northern India where they entered the field in the second quarter of the 19th century. The first Urdu newspaper, Syed-ul-Akhbar, appeared from Delhi in 1836 followed by the Delhi Urdu Akhbar in 1837. Many other Urdu newspapers appeared from Delhi, Lukhnow, Lahore and Multan etc.

The Muslim press had-just started taking strides when it was overtaken by the war of Independence in 1857. The failure of the freedom struggle came as a crushing blow for the Muslims. In the pre-partition Punjab English journalism was monopalised by non-Muslim enthusiasts and with their exit after the establishment of Pakistan an urgent need for a powerful and financially sound Muslim English daily was felt. This need was met by the Pakistan Times. Its first publication, February 4, 1947, almost synchronized with the start of the civil disobedience movement by the Muslim League. This paper was sponsored by Mian Iftikharuddin, who, after establishing a publishing concern known as The Progressive Papers limited, was soon able to secure the sympathy and cooperation of nearly all those who were in the high command of the Punjab Muslim League at that time.

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Distinguishing Characteristics of Online Journalism

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Distinguishing characteristics of online journalism
• Real time
• Shifted time
• Multimedia
• Interactive
Characteristics of online journalism
• Hypertextuality
• Interactivity
• Multimediality
• Immediacy
Characteristics of the Internet
1. Anonymity
2. Interactivity
3. Beyond geography
4. Online community
5. Lower cost to participate in the public sphere
6. Lower threshold for self-expression of political opinions
Impact of Internet on Journalism
1- Traditional media started developing online presence
2- Anyone can be publisher
3- Internet introduced Mass interaction to mass media
4- Impact of internet on News gathering
5- Impact of internet on Access to information and distribution of News
Flexible Delivery Platforms
Online news contents included in searchable databases
. SMS on cells

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What Is The Cyber stalking

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Cyber stalking Means Whoever with intent to coerce, intimidates, or harass any person uses computer, computer network, internet, network site, electronic mail or any other similar means of communication to.
• Communicate obscene, vulgar, profane, lewd, lascivious ,
• or indecent language, picture or image;
• make any suggestion or proposal of an obscene nature;
• threaten any illegal or immoral act;
• take or distribute pictures or photographs of any person
• without his consent or knowledge;
• display or distribute information in a manner that
• substantially increases the risk of harm or violence to any
• Other person commits the offence of cyber stalking.
Whoever commits the offence specified in sub-section (1) shall be punishable with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to seven years or with fine not exceeding three hundred thousand rupees, or with both.

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Explanation Of Cyber Terrorism

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How Cyber terrorism Explained?

Any person, group or organization who, with terrorist intent utilizes, accesses or causes to be accessed a computer or computer network or electronic system or electronic device or by any available means, and thereby knowingly engages in or attempts to engage in a terrorist act commits the offense of cyber terrorism.

Explanation1: For the purposes of this section the expression “terrorist intent” means to act with the purpose to alarm, frighten, disrupt, harm, damage, or carry out an act of violence against any segment of the population, the Government or entity associated therewith.

Explanation2: For the purposes of this section the expression “terrorist act” includes, but is not limited to, Altering by addition, deletion, or change or attempting to alter information that may result in the imminent injury, sickness, or death to any segment of the population;

ii. Transmission or attempted transmission o a harmful program with the purpose of substantially

disrupting or disabling any computer network operated by the Government or any public entity;

Aiding the commission of or attempting to aid the commission of an act of violence against the

sovereignty of Pakistan, whether or not the commission of such act of violence is actually completed; or stealing or copying, or attempting to steal or copy, or secure classified information or data necessary to manufacture any form of chemical, biological or nuclear weapon, or any other weapon of mass destruction.

Whoever commits the offense of cyber terrorism and causes death of any person shall be punishable with death or imprisonment for life, and with line and in any other case he shall be punishable with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to ten years, or with fine not less than ten million rupees, or with both.

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Misuse of Electronic System or Electronic Device

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Misuse of Electronic System or Electronic Device Whoever produces, possesses, sells, procures, transports, imports, distributes or otherwise makes available an electronic system or electronic device, including a computer program, designed or adapted primarily for the purpose of committing any of the offences established under this Ordinance or a password, access code, or similar data by which the whole or any part of an electronic system or electronic device is capable of being accessed or its functionality compromised or reverse engineered with the intent that it be used for the purpose of committing any of the offences established under this Ordinance, is said to commit offence of misuse of electronic system or electronic devices:
Whoever commits the offence described in sub-section (1) shall be punishable with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to three years, or with fine, or with both.

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